1 Major risk factors exist
1.1 Stope slope instability
Due to improper mining methods and methods, the slope is too high and too steep, and the dangerous stone and pumice are not cleared in time, or there is no segmentation mining, or “slipping†phenomenon from the step, or due to poor ore stability or geological structure changes. Under the external forces such as rock drilling, blasting vibration, rain erosion, strong wind current, etc., it causes dangerous factors such as slope collapse and landslide, which endanger the safety of workers' lives and equipment.
1.2 Blasting
Due to the explosive nature of the explosive itself, the uncertainty of the explosive during the explosion process, and the actual use of the explosives, detonators and other blasting equipment during the actual production process, due to the detonation of the fuse, the improper handling after blasting, Risk factors that threaten the safety of personnel and equipment and property, such as lack of vigilance, unclear signal, insufficient safety distance, flying stone injury, violation of regulations or human error.
1.3 Fall
In the mining operation, mining, pre-blasting perforation, charging, point firing, etc., due to non-protective measures, incomplete protective measures or damage, etc., the risk factors for the safety of the body and life of the personnel caused by the fall of the operator
1.4 Electric shock
During the operation, operation and maintenance of electrical equipment facilities, the operator lacks knowledge of safe electricity use and violates electrical safety operating procedures; the voltage and electrical equipment are not in accordance with the environmental conditions; the equipment with unqualified safety performance is used. , appliances, lack of necessary protective devices; improper use of equipment, overload operation; equipment and line installation failure, inspection, poor maintenance, diseased operation and other dangerous factors that endanger the safety of personnel.
1.5 Mechanical injury
Excavation, crushing, transmission and other mechanical (static) parts, tools, workpieces directly contact with the human body caused by pinching, collision, shearing, entanglement, twisting, grinding, cutting, stabbing, overturning and other personal injuries and equipment accidents. The main cause is the hazard caused by personnel mishandling or equipment defects.
1.6 Object Strike
The object generates power under the action of gravity or other external force, and hits the human body to cause personal injury or death. In the open quarry, due to poor safety management, inadequate safety education, mental paralysis, lack of concentration during operation, illegal operation, or improper open-pit mining methods and methods, there are phenomena such as “Umbrellas, Eagles†in the workplace, or The work surface of the workplace is not flat, causing damage to equipment and rocks falling from high places and hitting the human body and equipment.
1.7 Fire
The fuses, as well as the high temperature, open flame, and improper storage of flammable combustibles in machinery and vehicles may cause fire, personal injury and equipment damage.
1.8 Water damage
An open quarry must establish an effective water and sewerage system and take necessary measures based on leakage of surface and groundwater. Proper flood control measures must be taken at the total entrance and exit of the quarry, the drainage wellhead and the work site. If the drainage facilities and equipment are unreasonable; the power supply system of the drainage equipment is faulty; no waterproof measures are taken; if the rainfall suddenly increases, causing the accumulation of water in the quarry, etc., the stability of the slope will be destroyed, and the landslide will be formed. Collapse, causing human safety and mechanical equipment to be damaged and damaged, resulting in economic losses.
1.9 Vehicle transportation damage
Although the mine vehicles only carry out transportation operations in the mining area, if the awareness of the importance of safe driving and driving safety is insufficient, ideological paralysis, illegal driving, poor management and vehicle sickness operation, it will cause vehicle injury accidents. Vehicle damage mainly includes: collision, scratching, overturning, crashing, fire and handling, falling during loading and unloading, and object striking. The main causes of vehicle injury accidents are illegal driving, negligent care, poor condition, poor road conditions, poor environment and inadequate transportation management system.
1.10 debris flow
After the ore is stripped, the gravel and soil are not cleaned up in time. If the dump site is improperly sited, and no drainage or anti-scouring measures are taken, mudslides may form, which may cause serious harmful consequences.
2 major harmful factors
2.1 Dust
The dust in the production environment is extremely harmful. Its existence will not only lead to deterioration of the production environment, increase wear and tear of mechanical equipment, shorten the service life of mechanical equipment, and more importantly, endanger human health and cause various occupational diseases. In the open quarry, during the operations of rock drilling, blasting, loading and unloading, crushing, screening, etc., the dust generated will cause occupational injuries to the workers.
2.2 Noise
Noise can cause occupational noise deafness or high incidence of neurasthenia, cardiovascular disease and digestive system, which will increase the operator's error rate and cause serious accidents. The noise of open quarries is mainly caused by rock drilling operations, air compressors, crushing and blasting moments. The noise intensity generated by rock drilling operation is relatively large (above 90 decibels), long time, and close to people, which is harmful. When the air compressor is running, the noise is about 95 decibels, but it is far away from people. It is not large; the noise generated by the crushing is about 90 decibels. After the shock absorption measures are taken and a certain distance is attenuated, it is not harmful to the human body; although the noise generated by the blasting is strong, it is instantaneous, generally far from the human, and harmful. weak.
2.3 high temperature
In the open air operation, in addition to the solar radiation in the summer, it also has to withstand the heat released by the heated ore, the ground and surrounding objects, which is easy to cause heatstroke and sun UV rays to burn and burn. In addition, high temperature and high temperature environment can affect the body temperature regulation of workers, water and salt metabolism and circulatory system, digestive system, urinary system and so on. High temperature can also inhibit the central nervous system of the human body, so that the operator can distract the attention during the operation, and the ability to work in the muscle is reduced, which may lead to an accident.
2.4 frostbite
In the cold season in the north, long-term outdoor, field work and indoors without heating facilities, due to extreme low temperature and humidity, will cause local frostbite, lower body temperature, numbness of hands and feet, inattention, extended time, and operation. The rate of error increases, and even hallucinations have a certain impact on the cardiovascular system and respiratory system, increasing the possibility of accidents.
3 Precautions
3.1 Strengthening safety management
3.1.1 adhere to the "safety first, prevention first" production safety policy, and strictly implement the "Production Safety Law," "Mine Safety Law," "blasting safety regulations", "metal and nonmetal open pit mine safety rules 》.
3.1.2 Establish and improve the safety production management system, formulate safe operation procedures for operators, and equip full-time safety production management personnel. The safety production management personnel shall be qualified after passing the examination of the safety production supervision and management department.
3.1.3 Organize the formulation and implementation of the safety production responsibility system, improve the working conditions and operating environment, and ensure the effective implementation of safe production inputs. The principal responsible person is responsible for the safety production work of the unit, and must also have the safety production knowledge and management ability, and pass the examination.
3.2 Institutionalization of safety education
3.2.1 Safety production education and training should be carried out for the employees to ensure that the employees have the necessary safety production knowledge, familiar with the safety production rules and regulations and safety operation procedures, and master the safe operation skills of this position.
3.2.2 Special operations personnel must obtain special operation operation qualification certificates in accordance with relevant national regulations through special safety operation training before they can be employed.
3.2.3 All employees receive two safety trainings each year; the person in charge of the enterprise and the safety production management personnel are certified to work, and receive safety training once a year; the new employees are subjected to “three-level†safety education before they are employed.
3.3 Blasting safety management
3.3.1 The operating unit shall strictly implement the national safety regulations for civil explosives and blasting operations. The blasting operations shall be carried out by full-time blasters, the scope of blasting warning shall be set, and a timed blasting system shall be implemented. Blasting operations are prohibited on thunderstorms, nights and foggy days.
3.3.2 The operating unit should adopt step mining to eliminate backward and unsafe mining methods, and it is strictly forbidden to use mining methods such as expansion pot blasting and bottoming out. If step-type mining cannot be used, it should be mined from top to bottom. When performing shallow blasting, the stratification height shall not exceed 6 meters; when implementing medium deep hole blasting, the stratification height shall not exceed 20 meters. The width of the layered rock drilling platform shall not be less than 4 meters; the final slope angle shall be determined according to the stability of the rock mass, but the maximum shall not exceed 60 degrees.
3.3.3 The operating unit shall carry out a safety inspection on the slope before and during the operation and after each blasting, and find that there is a crack in the working surface, or when there are pumice, dangerous stone and umbrella body collapse on the slope surface, relevant Personnel should be evacuated immediately to a safe location and take reliable and safe precautions. Dangerous areas should be set with eye-catching warning signs and guard posts. It is strictly forbidden to engage in any work in the danger zone. Anyone is allowed to rest and stay at the bottom of the slope.
3.3.4 A separation zone of more than 30 m shall be provided between adjacent quarries; the ore body of the isolation zone shall be mined by only one party and shall be determined. When blasting operations are carried out in adjacent quarries, the time for blasting shall be agreed upon. When there are more than two units (operation groups) in the blasting danger zone for open-pit blasting operations, it must be clearly commanded by one unit. For those who may endanger the production safety of the other party, both parties shall sign a safety production management agreement, clarify their respective safety production management duties and safety measures to be taken, and designate full-time safety production management personnel to conduct safety inspection and coordination.
3.3.5 The use of explosives has a strict management system. When using explosives, there must be a special person to supervise the scene. After the blasting, the blaster must enter the blasting site according to the specified waiting time to check whether there are dangerous stones or blind guns; the dangerous stone and large pumice stone are removed from the top down, and the lower part should not be produced before the cleaning is completed. After each blast, the blaster should carefully fill in the blast record.
3.4 Stope safety management
3.4.1 Before the quarry is mined, the operating unit shall have the design plan certified by the competent construction department or the mining engineering technical service institution certified by the safety production supervision and administration department at or above the provincial level, and shall be supervised and managed by the safety production. The department reviews it. When there is a major change in the layout and mining methods of the quarry, the mining plan should be reorganized and reviewed.
3.4.2 Personnel entering the quarrying site must wear a helmet. Safety ropes or seat belts should be used when working on slopes that are more than 2 meters above the ground or over 30 degrees. The safety rope should be placed in a secure location. It is strictly forbidden for many people to use a safety rope at the same time.
3.4.3 Mining is carried out according to the design, from top to bottom, step mining, leaving a cleaning platform between the steps. The workplace shall set up warning signs and danger signs in the corresponding sections. The stage height, platform width and slope angle of open pit mining meet safety requirements. When the visibility is low, stop the operation.
3.4.4 The slopes shall be specially maintained by special personnel to clean loose rocks in time. Regularly carry out a safety inspection of the slope and find that the abnormal situation is dealt with immediately.
3.4.5 If the upper part of the quarry needs to be stripped, the stripping working surface should be ahead of the mining working surface by more than 4 meters.
3.4.6 The operating unit shall construct a safe pedestrian climbing road. The operating personnel shall not stand on the dangerous stone, pumice stone and suspended work; in the manual shipping operation, special personnel shall be monitored to prevent the rock from falling on the slope. It is strictly forbidden to work on two or more layers at the same time on the same slope.
3.4.7 The operator shall strictly abide by the provisions of the safety regulations for loading and transportation during shovel loading and transportation operations. When there are two shovel loading machines on the same working face, the minimum spacing should be greater than twice the maximum slewing radius of the shovel machinery.
3.4.8 Dump trucks are strictly prohibited from carrying flammable and explosive materials; overload transportation is strictly prohibited; it is strictly forbidden to stand on the outside of the cab and in the body of the vehicle;
3.4.9 Waste rock and waste residue should be discharged to the waste rock site. The setting of the waste rock yard should meet the design requirements and relevant safety regulations. Where waste rock or waste residue is discharged from Shunshan or Shungou, there shall be specific measures to prevent debris flow.
3.4.10 The transportation of transport roads and transport vehicles in mining areas shall comply with the requirements of the “Safety Regulations for Metallic Non-Metal Open-pit Minesâ€.
3.5 Electromechanical equipment safety management
3.5.1 The laying of power supply cables for open-pit mining equipment shall be kept in good insulation and shall not be in contact with metal pipelines and conductive materials.
3.5.2 crosses a road, railway cables take protective measures.
3.5.3 Electrical equipment should have grounding, overcurrent, and leakage protection devices. The substation should have an independent lightning protection system and measures to prevent fire, moisture and small animals from entering the live parts.
3.6 Waterproof and fire safety management
3.6.1 The operating unit should have perfect flood control measures. Where the impact of catchment above the mining boundary is safe, a water intercepting ditch shall be provided; if there is a possibility of landslide, measures for flood control and drainage shall be taken.
3.6.2 The total exit and exit of the stope, the flat sluice, the drainage outlet and the industrial site shall be properly flood control measures.
3.6.3 Set fire equipment and equipment as required.
3.7 Occupational Health and Safety Management
3.7.1 The operating unit shall strengthen the dust detection and prevention work, formulate occupational hazard prevention measures, provide employees with labor protection products and labor protection facilities that meet the standards, and guide and supervise their correct use.
3.7.2 Workers exposed to dust and other toxic and hazardous substances shall undergo regular health checks.
3.7.3 The concentration of dust and toxic and hazardous substances shall not exceed the provisions in the occupational exposure limits for harmful factors in industrial sites. The noise of the work field does not exceed 90db(A).
3.7.4 Take measures to prevent heatstroke or freeze under the climatic characteristics.
3.8 Accident prevention
3.8.1 Formulate an emergency response plan for the accident. The operating unit shall formulate an emergency rescue plan, clarify the duties of the rescue personnel, and sign an ambulance agreement with the nearest rescue organization. When a production safety accident occurs, it shall immediately organize a rescue and report to the local safety production supervision and management department in a timely manner.
3.8.2 In case of hidden dangers of various types of accidents, timely rectification and correction, and files of registration, rectification and treatment.
3.8.3 There are monitoring measures for hidden dangers that cannot be rectified temporarily.
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