Since 2008, China’s coal supply and demand have been generally tight, but under the dominance of the international coal market, coal export prices have risen. Although annual export quotas have been reduced accordingly.
Prior to this, the country had already suppressed coal exports through taxation and quotas. At the beginning of this year, the country raised its provisional coke export tax rate from 15% to 25%. The export quota for general trade coke is only 2.39 million tons, while the first coke export quota was 9.62 million tons in 2008.
As the international coking coal prices skyrocketed in 2008, the tight coke supply prices increased, resulting in a sharp increase in the demand for domestic coking coal and coke in the international market. From January 1 to May, the export coke from January to May was 960,000 tons, 730,000 tons, 1.24 million tons, 1.34 million tons, respectively, and the country’s export tariffs on coke increased from 15% to 25% from January 1. Ten thousand tons fell slightly to 1.5 million tons in June. From January to June, the cumulative amount of coke exported was 7.44 million tons, a year-on-year decrease of 7.55%. However, due to the increase in international market demand and the increase in export tariff rates, the average FOB price of exported coke in May has climbed from US$173/ton in the same period of the previous year to US$464.83/ton, which is a year-on-year increase of US$291.83/ton, an increase of 168.69%. In June, the average FOB price reached 498.32 U.S. dollars, setting another record high.
Jin Qiang, chairman of the China Coking Industry Association, said that in the second half of the year, the international market will slow down the demand for coke in China, and China's coke exports may be slightly lower than the level of the previous year.
Due to the significant price increase of coal in the international market, in the first half of this year, China imported 21.55 million tons of coal, a year-on-year drop of 20.4%. However, the scarcity of coking coal resources has forced some coking enterprises to increase imports from abroad. From January to June, the country imported 2.94 million tons of coking coal, an increase of 4.43% year-on-year, of which imports increased to 615,800 tons in May, a year-on-year increase of 50%. In June, imports totaled 583,100 tons. The high price of coking coal in the international market also stimulated the export of coal in the domestic coal industry. In the first half of the year, the country exported 25.49 million tons of coal, a year-on-year increase of 10.2%. Which exports in June reached 6.99 million tons, an increase of 83%. The pattern of net imports of 3.95 million tons of coal in the first half of the year was 3.94 million tons of net exports of coal in the first half of this year. Once it entered the market, the difference was 7.89 million tons, which exacerbated the grim situation of the shortage of domestic coal resources. At the same time, from January to June, domestic coking coal exports 1.82 million tons, an increase of 15.79% year-on-year; of which exports in May soared to 694,700 tons, an increase of 5.91 times year-on-year, and exports of 360,000 tons in June. We have changed the situation of the decline in coking coal exports since 2004.
Some analysts said that in the context of domestic coke coking coal prices and the international market is increasingly close to the background, the country significantly raises export tariffs, is intended to flatten domestic and foreign spreads to control exports, in order to ensure the production of relevant national industry demand, to avoid the coke coal coke continues to soaring downstream Industrial chain price transmission and negative impact.
Powder coating is a dry finishing process that has become extremely popular. Powder coating is used on a wide array of products. More and more companies specify powder coatings for a high-quality, durable finish, allowing for maximized production, improved efficiencies, and simplified environmental compliance. Used as functional (protective) and decorative finishes, powder coatings are available in an almost limitless range of colors and textures, and technological advancements have resulted in excellent performance properties.
Advantages over other coating processes
1. Environment friendly. Powder coatings contain no solvents and release little or no amount of volatile organic compounds (VOC) into the atmosphere.
2. More thicker coatings without running or sagging than conventional liquid coatings.
3. Perfect color consistency. Powder coated items generally have fewer appearance differences than liquid coated items between horizontally coated surfaces and vertically coated surfaces.
4. A wide range of speciality effects are easily accomplished using powder coatings that would be impossible to achieve with other coating processes.
5. Curing time is significantly faster with powder coatings compared to liquid coatings especially when using ultraviolet cured powder coatings or advanced low bake thermosetting powders.
Powder Coating Process
The Powder coating process involves three basic steps: raw material preparation or the pre-treatment, the powder coating application and curing.
Powder Coating Substrate Considerations
Before applying the powder coating material, you must first consider the substrate material that you will be coating. It is very important to have a clear understanding of the true composition of the surface of the part.
ALUMINUM:
ALUMINUM CASTING
COLD/HOT ROLLED STEEL
CAST IRON
BRASS
COPPER
ZINC
STAINLESS STEEL
Powder Coating Properties:
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Coating Properties |
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Mechanical Properties |
Pencil hardness GB/T 6739-1996 H-2H |
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Adhesion (cross-cut method) GB/T 9286-1998 Grade 0 |
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Bending test GB/T 6742-1986 ≤ 2mm |
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Impact test GB/T 1732-1993 ≥50kg.cm |
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Cupping test GB/T 9753-1988 ≥7mm |
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Corrosion Resistance |
Salt spray test GB/T 1771-1991 >500 hours, no change, crossion width at crossing ≤ 2mm |
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Damp heat test GB/T 1740-1979 >1000 hours, mild loss of gloss |
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Temperature resistance 100°C/48 hours, excellent gloss retention |
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Powder Coating Colours
RALAL Range, Pantone Range, and other Natural Colour Systems (NCS)
If you have a Powder Coating Colour requirement that we do not stock we are usually able to source powders from the above ranges within 48 hours.
Powder Coating Gloss Level
Gloss is measured as a percentage.
1. Matt Powders are between 20% and 30% gloss.
2. Semi-gloss Powders are usually around 60-65% gloss.
3. Gloss Powders at least 80% and can be 85%.
Powder Coating finishes
1. Textured Powder Coating:
2. Ripple/Leatherette Powder Coating.
3. Hammerite Finish Powder Coating.
4. High Temperature Powder Coating.
5. Anti-Bacterial Powder Coating.
6. Clear or Tinted Powder Coatings.
Application Field
1. In automotive applications:
a) some primers used on bodywork have converted to powder. This has given improved coating quality and provided ecological advantages.
b) where a functional as well as a decorative finish is desirable powder coatings are being used increasingly eg.
i. - wheels,
ii. - bumper bars,
iii. - mirror frames,
iv. - oil filters,
v. - battery trays,
vi. - coil springs and
vii. - heads.
2. Appliances
a) Specially formulated, hard and scratch resistant powder coatings are replacing the energy-intensive porcelain finishes on washer tops and lids.
b) Powder coatings are being used on range housings, freezer cabinets, drier drums, and microwave oven cavities.
c) Outdoor furniture, farm and garden implements and garden tractors also are being finished with powder coating materials. - Interior fluorescent light reflectors are coated using a highly reflective, very thin powder coating.
d) Exterior lamp housings on highway and parking deck fixtures are coated with specially formulated powder which give ultra violet light protection and added corrosion protection
Powder Coating,Custom Powder Coating,Metal Powder Coating,Powder Coating Services
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